VOLUME 3 - ISSUE 3

Disclaimer

Neither International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) nor its editors, publishers, owners or anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or the materials contained therein, assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information provided in International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), nor shall they be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages arising out of the use of International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL)or its contents. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its publication, neither the editors, publisher, owners nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made or for the results obtained from the use of such material. The editors, publisher or owners, make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Opinions, discussions, views and recommendations in the publications are solely those of the authors and not of International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or its publishers.IJPSL and its editors, publishers or owners make no representations or warranties with respect to any action taken by any person following the information offered or provided within or through the IJPSL. IJPSL and its publishers will not be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, special, exemplary, or other damages arising therefrom.

The information presented in International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) is not intended to replace legal, policy or any other professional advice offered.
In case you submit a paper, you agree to hold harmless and indemnify International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), its editors, publishers, owners, their agents and contributors to International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), against any liability for any claims and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, relating to any violation of the terms of this Agreement or arising out of any materials submitted by you. Any legal action, suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or a breach thereof, shall be instituted in a court of competent jurisdiction, and you hereby consent and submit to personal jurisdiction of such court, waive any objection to venue in such court and consent to service of process at your last known address.

International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) may contain links to web sites operated by other parties. These links are provided purely as educational purposes. Such links do not imply International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) endorses the material on any other site and International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) disclaims all liability with regard to your access to such linked websites.

International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to change the terms and conditions of this Agreement from time to time and your access to International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or its website will be deemed to be your acceptance of and agreement to any changed terms and conditions.

Financial Investment by Women: Reluctance to Take Risks Into Investing Their Own Money

Nitu Sharma
Volume 3, Issue 3
31 May 2023
Page No.: 4083-4098

This research paper aims to explore the perception of educated Indian working women regarding money investment and propose a solution based on the research findings to address this societal issue. To achieve this research objective, an online survey was conducted involving more than 100 educated working women. Additionally, a qualitative focus interview was conducted with five educated working women to gain deeper insights into their perception of money investment matters, considering emotional and cultural factors. The paper not only examines the perception of Indian women from emotional and cultural perspectives but also offers solutions to this issue. The study collected relevant data from research journals, articles, and online resources to support its findings.

Nitu Sharma
Head Marketing, Iron Mountain, India

[1] CA, & Dr. (n.d). Financial Literacy of Women and its Effect on Their Investment Choice Decision. Global Journal for Research Analysis. https://www.worldwidejournals.com/global-journal-for-research-analysis-GJRA/recent_issues_pdf/2015/July/July_2015_1438321465__60.pdf

[2] Dusseja, A. (2016). Women and Family Investments: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 2(12), 88. http://www.iraj.in/journal/journal_file/journal_pdf/14-322-148490790886-88.pdf

[3] Fachrudin, Khaira & Amalia Fachrudin, Khaira. (2016). The influence of education and experience toward investment decision with moderated by financial literacy. Polish Journal of Management Studies. https://bibliotekanauki.pl

[4] Financial Service Sector, Indian Financial System – IBEF. (n.d.). India Brand Equity Foundation. https://www.ibef.org/industry/financial-services-india

[5] Ganapathi, R., & Madhavan, V. (2021). A Study on Investment Behaviour and Attitude of Women Investors of Bangalore, Karnataka. Asian Journal of Managerial Science, 10(1), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2021.10.1.2818

[6] Guzior, B. (2018). Millennial women more financially savvy than they think. [online] Bizjournals.com [Accessed 20 Dec. 2018]. https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/news/latestnews/2018/07/millennial-women-more-financially-savvy-than-they.html 

[7] Indians are wise savers but poor investors: Survey. (n.d.). International Business Times. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10738.56006 

[8] (n.d.). The Role of Working Women in Investment Decision Making in the Family in India. Research Gate. https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2020&context=aabfj

[9] Nielsen.com. (2012). Newswire | Decoding Global Investment Attitudes | Nielsen. [online] [Accessed 20 Dec. 2018] https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2012/decoding-globalinvestment-attitudes.html

[10] (2022, October 12). 59% working women do not make their own financial decisions: Survey, Mint. https://www.livemint.com/money/personal-finance/59-working-women-do-not-make-their-own-financial-decisions-survey-11665555051026.html

[11] Padiyath, S. (2013). Less than 1/4th of working women make own investment decisions: Study. [online]Business Standard [Accessed 18 Dec. 2018]. https://www.businessstandard.com/article/pf/less-than-1-4th-of-working-women-make-own-investmentdecisions-study-113071700584_1.html

[12] Parveen Kumar. (n.d.). A Study on Financial Inclusion in India. Global International Research Thoughts. https://www.academia.edu/35920713/A_Study_on_Financial_Inclusion_in_India

[13] Statista. (2022, September 13). Participation at work in India 2014-2022, by gender. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1043300/india-work-participation-by-gender/

[14] Tapasya Julka Malhotra, & Shravasti Jain. (n.d.-b). Financial Awareness among Working Women: An Empirical Study. Amity Management Review. https://www.amity.edu/jaipur/amr/pdf/jan-june-2017-vol6/3.pdf

[15] Vohra, Tina & Kaur, Mandeep. (2017). Women Investors: A Literature Review. Metamorphosis: A Journal of Management Research. 16. 11-19. 10.1177/0972622517706624. 

Sharma N. (2023). Financial Investment by Women: Reluctance to Take Risks Into Investing Their Own Money. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 3(3), 4083-4098. 

http://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Financial-Investment-by-Women-Reluctance-to-Take-Risks-Into-Investing-Their-Own-Money.pdf

Download PDF

A National Urban Employment Guarantee Act (NUEGA)

Shashwat Shukla
Volume 3, Issue 3
31 May 2023
Page No.: 4099-4111

In order to tackle problems of job creation, skill-employment mismatch and food security in urban areas, an act called the National Urban Employment Guarantee Act (NUEGA) is proposed along the lines of MGNREGA. The act promises to convert unused and fallow government and private land to bring it under ‘precision agriculture’ which will employ various strategies like aquaponics, fertigation and scientific agricultural water management practices with a direct link to urban markets due to the lands being embedded into the metropolis areas. The employment will guarantee 150 days of work in urban agriculture to people who are registered as low-skill unemployed workers for 6 months or more on the NUEGA web portal or centres. All lands categorised as cultivable waste, urban fallow and lands under some private occupation but lying unused for 20 years or more shall be brought under NUEGA cultivation with proper compensation. One component of the agricultural produce shall be sold at MSP or higher in urban markets and the profits used to purchase farm inputs and pay NUEGA compensation at minimum wages. Alongside this, a separate component of skill training in mechanical operations of modern farm equipment and micro irrigation can be taken up to ensure upskilling of the workers so that they don’t permanently rely on the NUEGA for employment. 

Another component of the produce shall be kept aside for National Food Security Act-based supply for the urban poor. The produce shall thus also help ensure food security for the urban areas and job security for the urban poor. It will also help reduce land use wastage and to better manage the urban landscape. Similar cases from India and other countries shall be studied to examine the viability and use of this scheme. It also looks to provide choices for migrant workers and increase turnover rates to lift multiple people out of poverty over time. An attachment of Urban Agriculture and food security to the aim of job creation means that the results produced by the scheme aren’t simply ‘economic’ in nature but ‘embedded’ (Gemici, 2007) into the social realities and prior skills that they bring to the urban area. 

Shashwat Shukla
M.A. Development Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai

[1] Altieri, M. A., Companioni, N., Cañizares, K., Murphy, C., Rosset, P., Bourque, M., & Nicholls, C. I. (1999). The greening of the “barrios”: Urban agriculture for food security in Cuba. Agriculture and Human Values, 16(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007545304561

[2] APU. (2019). State of Working India 2019. In Azim Premji University. Azim Premji University. https://cse.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/SWI2019_Urban_Job_Guarantee.pdf

[3] Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder Of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225

[4] Bessho, A., Terada, T., & Yokohari, M. (2020). Immigrants’ “Role Shift” for Sustainable Urban Communities: A Case Study of Toronto’s Multiethnic Community Farm. Sustainability, 12(19), 8283. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198283

[5] Chatterjee, N., Fernandes, G., & Hernandez, M. (2012). Food insecurity in urban poor households in Mumbai, India. Food Security, 4(4), 619–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0206-z

[6] Chaturvedi, R. (2021, June 30). UNDERSTANDING URBAN FOOD INSECURITY IN INDIA. Youth Policy Review. https://www.youthpolicyreview.com/post/understanding-urban-food-insecurity-in-india

[7] CMIE. (2023). Unemployment rate in India. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://unemploymentinindia.cmie.com/

[8] Dhasmana, I. (2022). Identifying works and funding key to national urban job scheme. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/rajasthan-govt-set-to-launch-job-guarantee-scheme-for-the-urban-poor-122090900475_1.html

[9] Express News Service. (2022, May 19). PM’s economic advisory panel proposes urban job guarantee scheme. . . The New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/19/pms-economic-advisory-panel-proposes-urban-job-guarantee-scheme-2455244.html

[10] FAO. (2014). Growing greener cities – Havana | Urban Food Actions Platform | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.fao.org/urban-food-actions/resources/resources-detail/en/c/1043586/

[11] FAO. (2016). Migration, agriculture and rural development. https://www.fao.org/3/i6064e/i6064e.pdf

[12] Gemici, K. (2007). Karl Polanyi and the antinomies of embeddedness. Socio-Economic Review, 6(1), 5–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwl034

[13] Goel, S. (2022, September 3). Urban unemployment in India rises to 9.57 per cent in August, shows CMIE data . . . The New Indian Express. https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2022/sep/03/urban-unemployment-in-india-rises-to-957-per-centin-august-shows-cmie-data-2494401.html

[14] GOI. (2021, November). Constitution of India|Legislative Department | Ministry of Law and Justice | GoI. https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india

[15] IANS. (2022, December 15). Labour market mismatch post-Covid could weaken economic growth: Moody’s. The Statesman. https://www.thestatesman.com/business/labour-market-mismatch-post-covid-could-weaken-economic-growth-moodys-1503138709.html

[16] Jha, R. (2020). How is urban poverty different from rural. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/how-urban-poverty-different-rural/

[17] Jha, R. (2022, November). Optimising Urban Agriculture: A Pathway to Food Security in India. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2022, from https://www.orfonline.org/research/optimising-urban-agriculture/#_edn46

[18] Narayan, S. (2022). Fifteen Years of India’s NREGA: Employer of the Last Resort? Indian Journal of Labour Economy, 65(3), 779–799. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9487846/

[19] Paliath, S. (2021, August 18). How urban employment schemes can offer social security to the poor and empower women. Scroll.In. https://scroll.in/article/1003041/how-urban-employment-schemes-can-offer-social-security-to-the-poor-and-empower-women

[20] Phillip, K. (2021, November 23). Causes of Urban Poverty in India : How to Improve Life In the Slums. Habitat for Humanity GB. https://www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2018/08/causes-urban-poverty-india/

[21] PIB. (2022). Skill India Mission Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL). Press Information Bureau. https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2022/apr/doc202242548301.pdf

[22] RUAF. (2018). Urban Agriculture Magazine no. 18 – Building Communities through Urban Agriculture |. https://ruaf.org/document/urban-agriculture-magazine-no-18-building-communities-through-urban-agriculture/

[23] Sengupta, J. (2016). Rising Inequality and Urban Exclusion. Observer Research Foundation. Retrieved February 2, 2023, from https://www.orfonline.org/research/rising-inequality-and-urban-exclusion/#:~:text=India’s%20growing%20inequality%20of%20income,income%20and%20middle%20income%20groups.

[24] Sinha, A. (2022, July 8). Welfare of the urban poor cannot be an afterthought in economic growth plans. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/welfare-urban-poor-cannot-afterthought-economic-growth-plans-8015868/

[25] Sravanth, K. R. S., & Sundaram, N. (2022). Analysis of socioeconomic status of young migrant farmers in India using probit regression. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677x.2022.2106267

[26] TNN. (2016, October 1). Job-skill mismatch leaving many without work in state: Survey. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/job-skill-mismatch-leaving-many-without-work-in-state-survey/articleshow/54622361.cms

[27] Tomkins, M., Yousef, S., Adam-Bradford, A., Perkins, C., Grosrenaud, E., Mctough, M., & Viljoen, A. (2019). Cultivating Refuge: The Role of Urban Agriculture Amongst Refugees and Forced Migrants in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. International Journal of Design &Amp; Nature and Ecodynamics, 14(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.2495/dne-v14-n2-103-118

[28] UNDESA. (2019). THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. https://sdgs.un.org/goals

[29] Usmani, G & Ahmad, N. (2018). Health status in India: A study of urban slum and non-slum population. J Nurs Res Pract. ;2(1):09-14. https://www.pulsus.com/scholarly-articles/phealth-status-in-india-a-study-of-urban-slum-and-nonslum-populationp-4137.html

[30] What PFAL means to urban agriculture. – Free Online Library. (n.d.). Retrieved February 7, 2023, from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/What+PFAL+means+to+urban+agriculture.-a0323661041

[31] WWF. (2013). Havana urban farming. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved February 3, 2023, from https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?204427/Havana-urban-farming

[32] ZeeBiz. (2022, September 15). Indira Gandhi Urban Employment Guarantee Scheme: Age limit, remuneration and other details. Zee Business. https://www.zeebiz.com/personal-finance/news-indira-gandhi-urban-employment-guarantee-scheme-age-limit-remuneration-and-other-details-199169

Shukla S. (2023). A National Urban Employment Guarantee Act (NUEGA). International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 3(3), 4099-4111. 

https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/A-National-Urban-Employment-Guarantee-Act-NUEGA.pdf 

Download PDF

Women from the Periphery: Experiences of Women in Mumbai’s Local Trains

Jina Maria
Volume 3, Issue 3
31 May 2023
Page No.: 4112-4166

The centrality of Mumbai’s Suburban Railway network or Mumbai Locals in the lives of the people of Mumbai has been a well-documented one. But the changing urban landscape due to globalization and neo-liberal policies of the State, along with a global pandemic has forced a rethinking of its centrality. In this context, this thesis aims to understand the experiences of women who live in the peripheral areas and commute for work or study to the city centres. It does so by examining what going out to work/study entails for women’s agency and well-being. It shows that the harrowing conditions in the Mumbai Locals complicate the question of whether going out to work necessarily improves the well-being and agency of women. On the other hand, it also shows the significance of the ‘ladies’ compartment’ which represents a critical space of mobility for female Mumbaikars, as a space where women have quietly and collaboratively repurposed public infrastructure to meet their day-to-day needs.

Jina Maria
M.A. Social Work (Women-Centred Practice), Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai

[1] ActionAid (2011) Women and the City: Examining the Gender Impact of Violence and Urbanisation. A Comparative Study of Brazil, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Liberia and Nepal, ActionAid International

[2] Aladuwaka, S. and Oberhauser, A.M. (2011) Contextualising Credit Programmes, Poverty Alleviation, and Women’s Empowerment: A case study from rural Sri Lanka, in Raju, S.

[3] AlSayyad, N., & Roy, A. (Eds.). (2003). Urban Informality: Transnational Perspectives from the Middle East, Latin America, and South Asia. Lexington Books.

[4] Amita Bhide, Ratoola Kundu and Payal Tiwari. (2016), Engendering Mumbai’s Suburban Railway System, Centre for Urban Policy and Governance, Tata Institute of Social Sciences

[5] Appadurai, A. (2002). Spectral housing and urban cleansing: notes on millennial Mumbai. In

[6] Cosmopolitanism (pp. 54-81). Duke University Press.

[7] Banerjee-Guha, S. (Ed.). (2010). Accumulation by dispossession: Transformative cities in the new global order. SAGE Publications India.

[8] Bayat, A., Gilbert, A., & Bromley, R. (2004). Urban informality: Transnational perspectives from the middle East, latin America, and south Asia. Lexington Books.

[9] Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

[10] Brewis, J. (2014). The ethics of researching friends: On convenience sampling in qualitative management and organization studies. British Journal of Management, 25(4), 849-862.

[11] Brigid Limerick, Tracey Burgess‐Limerick & Margaret Grace (1996) The politics of interviewing: power relations and accepting the gift, International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 9:4, 449-460, DOI: 10.1080/0951839960090406

[12] Chen, M. (1995). A matter of survival: Women’s right to employment in India and Bangladesh (Vol. 38). Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[13] Creswell, J.W (2013) Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five Approaches. New Delhi: Sage

[14] Dean, L. (2017). Intentional Informality in Gendered Spaces on the Mumbai Local Suburban Railway System (Doctoral dissertation)

[15] Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y. S (2011). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (4th ed.).

[16] Thousand Oaks: Sage (Comprehensive)

[17] Deshpande, A. (2019). The Visible and Invisible Barriers to Indian Women Working. The India Forum. Retrieved from https://www.theindiaforum.in

[18] Duchène, C. (2011). Gender and transport D’Monte, D. (2010). Urban Transport Projects in a Globalised Scenario. In S. Banerjee-Guha (Ed.), Accumulation by dispossession: Transformative cities in the new global order. (pp. 169–181). SAGE Publications India.

[19] Gendered Geographies: Space and Place in South Asia, Oxford University Press

[20] Harding, S. G. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and methodology: Social science issues. Indiana University Press.

[21] Harrison, J.A. (2012). Gender segregation on public transport in South Asia: A critical evaluation of approaches for addressing harassment against women.

[22] Horelli, Liisa. (2017). Engendering urban planning in different contexts – successes, constraints and consequences. European Planning Studies. 1-18. 10.1080/09654313.2017.1339781.

[23] HT Editorial (2021, April 4). Battling Covid-19 in Mumbai. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com

[24] India Census (2011). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 4 September 2019

[25] IndiaSpend Team (2017, September 30). Mumbai locals: World’s busiest urban rail system is also the deadliest. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com

[26] Jagori and UN Women (2011) Safe Cities Free of Violence Against Women and Girls Initiative: Report of the Baseline Survey Delhi 2010, Jagori and UN Women

[27] Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on science and gender. New Haven.

[28] Kishore, R. (2020, March 30). Covid-19 could fundamentally change India’s political economy. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com

[29] Koggel, C. (2003). Globalization and women’s paid work: expanding freedom?. Feminist Economics, 9(2-3), 163-184.

[30] Kundu, D. (2019). Urban Informality. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, 1-5.

[31] Lewis, C. (2021, May 13). Metro 1 takeover plan: MMRDA appoints consultant for diligence in Mumbai. The Times of India. Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com

[32] Majumdar, A. (2019). Thematic analysis in qualitative research. In Qualitative Techniques for Workplace Data Analysis (pp. 197-220). IGI Global.

[33] Maynard, M. (1994) ‘Methods, Practice and Epistemology: The Debate about Feminism and Research’, pp. 10–26 in M. Maynard and J. Purvis (eds) Researching Women’s Lives from a Feminist Perspective. London: Taylor and Francis.

[34] Narayan, U. (2004). The project of feminist epistemology: Perspectives from a nonwestern feminist. The feminist standpoint theory reader: Intellectual and political controversies, 213-224.

[35] Oakley, A. (1981). Interviewing women: A contradiction in terms. In H. Roberts (Ed.), Doing feminist research (pp. 30-61). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

[36] Phadke, S., Khan, S., & Ranade, S. (2011). Why loiter?: Women and risk on Mumbai streets.

[37] Penguin Books India.

[38] Rukmini S. (2015, November 14). India walks to work: Census. The Hindu. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com

[39] Rukmini S. (2019, June 10). India’s workforce is masculinizing rapidly. Livemint. Retrieved from https://www.livemint.com

[40] Saha, D. (2015, December 24). 9 Die Every Day On Mumbai Local Train Tracks. IndiaSpend.

[41] Retrieved from https://www.indiaspend.com

[42] Sen, A. (2000). Development as freedom. DEVELOPMENT IN PRACTICE-OXFORD-, 10(2), 258-258.

[43] Singh, D. P. (2010). Employment situation in Mumbai: An analysis. Berlin, Germany.

[44] Sonal Shah, Kalpana Viswanath, Sonali Vyas and Shreya Gadepalli (2017), Women and Transport in Indian Cities, ITDP and Safetipin, New Delhi

[45] Tang, N. (2002). Interviewer and Interviewee Relationships Between Women. Sociology. 36.

[46] 703-721. 10.1177/0038038502036003011.

Maria J. (2023). Women from the Periphery: Experiences of Women in Mumbai’s Local Trains. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 3(3), 4112-4166. 

http://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Women-from-the-Periphery-Experiences-of-Women-in-Mumbais-Local-Trains.pdf

Download PDF