VOLUME 2 - ISSUE 3

Disclaimer

Neither International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) nor its editors, publishers, owners or anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or the materials contained therein, assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information provided in International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), nor shall they be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages arising out of the use of International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL)or its contents. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its publication, neither the editors, publisher, owners nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made or for the results obtained from the use of such material. The editors, publisher or owners, make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Opinions, discussions, views and recommendations in the publications are solely those of the authors and not of International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or its publishers.IJPSL and its editors, publishers or owners make no representations or warranties with respect to any action taken by any person following the information offered or provided within or through the IJPSL. IJPSL and its publishers will not be liable for any direct, indirect, consequential, special, exemplary, or other damages arising therefrom.

The information presented in International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) is not intended to replace legal, policy or any other professional advice offered.
In case you submit a paper, you agree to hold harmless and indemnify International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), its editors, publishers, owners, their agents and contributors to International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), against any liability for any claims and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, relating to any violation of the terms of this Agreement or arising out of any materials submitted by you. Any legal action, suit or proceeding arising out of or relating to this Agreement or a breach thereof, shall be instituted in a court of competent jurisdiction, and you hereby consent and submit to personal jurisdiction of such court, waive any objection to venue in such court and consent to service of process at your last known address.

International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) may contain links to web sites operated by other parties. These links are provided purely as educational purposes. Such links do not imply International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) endorses the material on any other site and International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) disclaims all liability with regard to your access to such linked websites.

International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to change the terms and conditions of this Agreement from time to time and your access to International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or its website will be deemed to be your acceptance of and agreement to any changed terms and conditions.

The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on the Healthcare System in India, China, Brazil and the USA

Jeeval Chadha
Volume 2, Issue 3
31 May 2022
Page No.: 3887-3906

The COVID-19 epidemic is putting international hospitals and healthcare facilities under severe financial strain. In this paper, we analyse the impact in major countries including but not restricted to India, China, Brazil and USA. These impacts in these countries have been analysed mainly because they depict the trends that followed in different regions of the world. The economic impact of COVID-19 on the US and worldwide hospitals, healthcare facilities, surgery, and surgical results will be discussed in this study. The American Hospital Association forecasts that hospitals and healthcare systems in the United States will lose $202.6 billion in income, or $50.7 billion every month. Furthermore, providing an effective healthcare response to COVID-19 might cost low- and middle-income nations US$52 billion (equal to US$8.60 per person) every four weeks. In the context of the United States’ greatest daily COVID-19 new cases, this load will have an impact on patient care, operations, and surgical results. World economic growth is expected to slow by over 8% this year, with poorer nations bearing the brunt of the damage, according to the World Bank. The United Nations estimates that it will cost the global economy roughly $2 trillion this year. Overall, a lack of readiness contributed significantly to the difficulties faced by healthcare facilities all across the world. It is of utmost importance for the discussed countries to facilitate an amicable and efficient use of the given limited healthcare resources present with them, to minimise the economic as well as public loss.

Jeeval Chadha
B.A. Hons. Economics, Daulat Ram College, University of Delhi

[1] Ageing in America: How COVID-19 Will Change Care, Coverage, and Compassion. (2020). Nursing Outlook. https://www.nursingoutlook.org/article/S0029-6554(20)30636-9/fulltext 

[2] Ahmed, S. S. A. K. (2020, August 1). Impact of the societal response to COVID-19 on access to healthcare for non-COVID-19 health issues in slum communities of Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Pakistan: results of pre-COVID and COVID-19 lockdown stakeholder engagements. BMJ Global Health. https://gh.bmj.com/content/5/8/e003042 

[3] As normalcy returns, can China keep COVID-19 at bay? (2020). Science. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.368.6486.18 

[4] Barbosa, R. (2020, June 18). Efeitos do desemprego, do AuxÃlio Emergencial e do Programa Emergencial de Preservação do Emprego e da Renda (MP 936) sobre a renda, a pobreza e a desigualdade durante e depois da pandemia (Effects of Unemployment, Basic Emergency Income and the Emergency Employment and Income Preservation Program (MP 936) on Income, Poverty and Inequality during and after the Pandemic in Brazil). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3630693

[5] Can India stay immune enough to combat the COVID-19 pandemic? An economic query. (2020). Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pa.2157 

[6] Care Churn — Why Keeping Clinic Doors Open Isn’t Enough to Ensure Access to Abortion. (2020). The New England Journal Of Medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2013466 

[7] CBO’s Current Projections of Output, Employment, and Interest Rates and a Preliminary Look at Federal Deficits for 2020 and 2021. (2020). Congressional Budget Office. https://www.cbo.gov/publication/56335 

[8] Cheng, E. (2022, March 16). China’s Covid spike: What we know and don’t know about its economic impact. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/16/what-we-know-about-the-economic-impact-of-chinas-covid-spike.html

[9] Colenda, C. C., Applegate, W. B., Reifler, B. V., & Blazer, D. G. (2020). COVID-19: Financial Stress Test for Academic Medical Centres. Academic Medicine, 95(8), 1143–1145. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003418

[10] Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and HIV Spotlight the United States Imperative for Permanent Affordable Housing. (2021). National Library of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32887980/

[11] Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and HIV Spotlight the United States Imperative for Permanent Affordable Housing. (2020). Oxford Academic. https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/72/11/2042/5901720 

[12] COVID-19: Financial Stress Test for Academic Medical Centres: Academic Medicine. (2020). LWW. https://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2020/08000/COVID_19__Financial_Stress_Test_for_Academic.24.aspx 

[13] COVID-19 in Brazil: “So what?” (2020). The Lancet. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31095-3/fulltext 

[14] COVID’s Impact on Radiation Oncology: A Latin American Survey Study. (2020). International Journal Of Radiation Oncology. https://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(20)31345-6/fulltext 

[15] COVID-19 in India: Moving from containment to mitigation: Indian Journal of Medical Research. (2020). LWW. https://journals.lww.com/ijmr/Fulltext/2020/51020/COVID_19_in_India__Moving_from_containment_to.8.aspx

[16] Craven, J., & Gordon, S. (2020, April 6). The Best Health System to React to COVID-19. The American Prospect. https://prospect.org/coronavirus/the-best-health-system-to-react-to-covid-19/

[17] Economic Survey 2021–22. (2022). https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/economicsurvey/doc/eschapter/echap01.pdf

[18] Effects of COVID-19 on Plastic Surgery Practices and Medi-Spas in Different Countries. (2020). Oxford Academic. https://academic.oup.com/asj/article/40/8/N453/5851306

[19] Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a Long-Term Care Facility in King County, Washington. (2020). The New England Journal of Medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2005412 

[20] Free Access Singapore COVID-19 Pandemic Response as a Successful Model Framework for Low-Resource Health Care Settings in Africa? (2020). Mary Ann Libert, Inc.Publishers.  https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/omi.2020.0077 

[21] Gan, Y., Ma, J., Wu, J., Chen, Y., Zhu, H., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Psychological Medicine, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291720003116

[22] Gan, Y. (2020). Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China | Psychological Medicine. Cambridge Core. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/immediate-and-delayed-psychological-effects-of-provincewide-lockdown-and-personal-quarantine-during-the-covid19-outbreak-in-china/69A7E798EA2214ACB04BEB526A9B4740 

[23] Garcia, L. P. (2020, April 9). Intervenos não farmacológicas para o enfrentamento à epidemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. SciElo Brazil. https://www.scielo.br/j/ress/a/B7HqzhTnWCvSXKrGd7CSjhm/?lang=pt 

[24] Garcia, L. P., & Duarte, E. (2020). Intervenções não farmacológicas para o enfrentamento à epidemia da COVID-19 no Brasil. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.5123/s1679-49742020000200009

[25] Global Economic Prospects. (2022, January). World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects

[26] Global Preparedness Against COVID-19: We Must Leverage the Power of Digital Health. (2020, April 16). JMIR Public Health and Surveillance. https://publichealth.jmir.org/2020/2/e18980/ 

[27] He, X. (2020, August 17). Reply to: Is presymptomatic spread a major contributor to COVID-19 transmission? Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8b4c1413-50f7-4713-b985-c73edbe21d1e 

[28] H.L., K.S., & Z.D. (2020). Expanding access through virtual care: the VA’s early experience with Covid-19. Expanding Access through Virtual Care: The VA’s Early Experience with Covid-19. https://doi.org/10.1056/CAT.20.0327

[29] India Fights COVID-19. (2020). American Psychological Association. https://doi.apa.org/fulltext/2020-61556-003.html 

[30] Interrupting transmission of COVID-19: lessons from containment efforts in Singapore. (2020). Oxford Academic. https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/27/3/taaa039/5804843 

[31] Iwamoto, K. (2021, October 4). Singapore is “soul searching” over the economy as COVID surges. Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Singapore-soul-searching-over-economy-as-COVID-surges

[32] Jacobs, A., Richtel, M., & Baker, M. (2020, March 20). Doctors Say Shortage of Protective Gear Is Dire During Coronavirus Pandemic. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/health/coronavirus-masks-shortage.html

[33] Kaur, S., & Sonali, S. (2020). India fights COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(6), 579–581 https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000615

[34] Kuguyo, O., Kengne, A. P., & Dandara, C. (2020). Singapore COVID-19 Pandemic Response as a Successful Model Framework for Low-Resource Health Care Settings in Africa? OMICS: A Journal of Integrative Biology, 24(8), 470–478. https://doi.org/10.1089/omi.2020.0077

[35] Mahmood, S., Hasan, K., Colder Carras, M., & Labrique, A. (2020). Global Preparedness Against COVID-19: We Must Leverage the Power of Digital Health. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e18980. https://doi.org/10.2196/18980

[36] Martinez, D., Sarria, G. J., Wakefield, D., Flores, C., Malhotra, S., Li, B., Ehmann, M., Schwartz, D. L., & Sarria, G. R. (2020). COVID’s Impact on Radiation Oncology: A Latin American Survey Study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, 108(2), 374–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.06.058

[37] Melo, C. M. L. D. E. (2020, August 24). COVID-19 pandemic outbreak: the Brazilian reality from the first case to the collapse of health services. SciELO. https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/RJTggdvvXhWv4HkHcvd3KjK/?lang=en 

[38] Mental Health, Substance Use, and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic — the United States, June 24–30, 2020. (2020). Centre for Disease Control and Protection. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6932a1.htm?s_cid=mm6932a1_w 

[39] Modelling the effects of Wuhan’s lockdown during covid-19, China. (2020). World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/98/7/20-254045.pdf 

[40] Nature Editorial. (2020). Low- and middle-income countries face up to COVID-19. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41591-020-00020-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=98865937-8cf8-45c6-a8ac-85be3cbaedc3 

[41] NCBI – Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. (2020, March 26). The New England Journal of Medicine. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316 

[42] Rakshit, B., & Basistha, D. (2020). Can India stay immune enough to combat COVID ‐19 pandemic? An economic query. Journal of Public Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2157

[43] Ramping Up the Delivery of Cardiac Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Guidance Statement From the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons. (2020). Canadian Journal of Cardiology. https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(20)30415-3/fulltext 

[44] Randau, T. M. (2020, September 8). A collateral effect of COVID-19 on orthopaedic and trauma surgery. PLOS One. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0238759 

[45] Reforming America’s Healthcare System Through Choice and Competition. (2020). https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/Reforming-Americas-Healthcare-System-Through-Choice-and-Competition.pdf

[46] Rising from the COVID 19 crisis: Policy responses in the long-term care sector. (2021). OECD. https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/rising-from-the-covid-19-crisis-policy-responses-in-the-long-term-care-sector-34d9e049/

[47] Ruan, Q. (2020, April 6). Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 are based on an analysis of data from 150 patients from Wuhan, China. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=7cf3be8a-20df-452a-a7b3-2caf89698657 

[48] Staffing With Disease-Based Epidemiologic Indices May. . . : Anaesthesia & Analgesia. (2020). LWW. https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2020/07000/Staffing_With_Disease_Based_Epidemiologic_Indices.6.aspx 

[49] Successful Personalities in Anaesthesiology and Acute Care. . . : Anaesthesia & Analgesia. (2020). LWW https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2017/01000/Successful_Personalities_in_Anesthesiology_and.40.aspx 

[50] Suleiman, A. (2020). Preparedness of Frontline Doctors in Jordan Healthcare Facilities to COVID-19 Outbreak. MDPI. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/9/3181 

[51] Sullivan-Marx, E. (2020). Ageing in America: How COVID-19 Will Change Care, Coverage, and Compassion. Nursing Outlook, 68(5), 533–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2020.08.013

[52] Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. (2020). National Library Of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32296168/

[53] The COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Low- and Middle-Income. . . : Anaesthesia & Analgesia. (2020). LWW. https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2020/07000/The_COVID_19_Pandemic__Effects_on_Low__and.13.aspx 

[54] The financial and employment effects of coronavirus disease 2019 on physicians in the United States. (2020). National Library Of Medicine. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32889069/

[55] Varghese, G., & John, R. (2020). COVID-19 in India: Moving from containment to mitigation. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 151(2), 136. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_860_20

[56] Wu, Z., MD PhD. (2020, April 7). Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Jama Network. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130 

Chadha J. (2022). The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on the Healthcare System in India, China, Brazil and the USA. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 2(3), 3887-3906.

http://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-Economic-Impact-of-COVID-19-on-the-Healthcare-System-in-India-China-Brazil-and-the-USA.pdf

Download PDF

Economics and Politics of Internal Migration among Unskilled Workers in India

Pankhuri Jain, Keerthi Priya Yerramalla and Vyoma Dadhich
Volume 2, Issue 3
31 May 2022
Page No.: 3907-3918

Economists argue that internal migration could lead to a better allocation of human resources among various sectors and regions in a particular country (De, 2019). However, India lacks a comprehensive migration policy. The existing policies have failed to protect the basic human rights of migrant workers enshrined in the Constitution of India. In India, the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1979 has been constituted to protect the rights of migrants. However, the data and ground realities highlight the poor implementation of this law (Srivastava & Pandey, 2017) which fails to protect the rights of migrant workers in terms of providing access to education for their children, healthcare facilities, and affordable housing. Though regulations such as above are in place, there is a limited impact due to a shortage of migration data which calls for a need to have a robust migration policy. The paper argues that the government should acknowledge the contribution of migrant workers in the development of their states and should formulate an integrated rights-based approach. This rights-based approach would enable their political and civic inclusion, financial access, provision of legal aid, etc and thus improving the current status of internal migrants in the country.

Pankhuri Jain
PGP in Public Policy, Design, and Management, Indian School of Public Policy
Keerthi Priya Yerramalla
PGP in Public Policy, Design, and Management, Indian School of Public Policy
Yerramalla Vyoma Dadhich
PGP in Public Policy, Design, and Management, Indian School of Public Policy

[1] Bell, M., Charles-Edwards, E., Ueffing, P., Stillwell, J., Kupiszewski, M., & Kupiszewska, D. (2015). Internal Migration and Development: Comparing Migration Intensities Around the World. Population and Development Review, 41(1), 33–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00025.x

[2] Bharadwaj, R., Hazra, S., Reddy, M., Das, S., & Kaur, D. (2021). Climate change, migration and social protection. International Institute for Environment and Development. 56.

[3] Bhavnani, R. R., & Lacina, B. (2015). The effects of weather-induced migration on sons of the soil riots in India. World Politics, 67(4), 760–794.

[4] De, S. (2019, December 18). Internal Migration in India Grows, But Inter-State Movements Remain Low. World Bank Blogs. Retrieved from https://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/internal-migration-india-grows-inter-state-movements-remain-low

[5] Deshingkar, P. (2010). Migration, remote rural areas and chronic poverty in India. Overseas Development Institute. 41. Retreived from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08b2aed915d3cfd000b98/WP163-Deshingkar.pdf

[6] Faetanini, M., & Tankha, R. (2013, June). Social inclusion of internal migrants in India. UNESCO. Retrieved from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/in/documentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000223702&file=/in/rest/annotationSVC/DownloadWatermarkedAttachment/attach_import_6e574122-ad5f-43b2-ae12-3f2ca1b7c47e%3F_%3D223702eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=/ark:/48223/pf0000223702/PDF/223702eng.pdf#%5B%7B%22num%22%3A506%2C%22gen%22%3A0%7D%2C%7B%22name%22%3A%22XYZ%22%7D%2C-291 %2C850%2C0%5D

[7] Gaikwad, N., & Nellis, G. (2017). The Majority-Minority Divide in Attitudes toward Internal Migration: Evidence from Mumbai. American Journal of Political Science, 61(2), 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12276

[8] Iyer, M. (2020, June 10). Migration in India and the impact of the lockdown on migrants. PRS Legislative Research. Retrieved from https://prsindia.org/theprsblog/migration-in-india-and-the-impact-of-the-lockdown-on-migrants

[9] Krishnan, V. B. (2019, July 22). What is the biggest reason for migration in India? The Hindu. Retrieved from https://www.thehindu.com/data/india-migration-patterns-2011-census/article28620772.ece

[10] Mazumdar, I., NEETHA, N., & AGNIHOTRI, I. (2013). Migration and Gender in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 48(10), 54–64.

[11] Srivastava, R., & Pandey, A. K. (2017). Internal and International Migration in South Asia: Drivers, Interlinkage and Policy Issues. UNESCO. 64.

[12] Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development (2009). UNDP. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/269/hdr_2009_en_complete.pdf

Jain P., Yerramalla K. P. & Dadhich V. (2022). Economics and Politics of Internal Migration among Unskilled Workers in India. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 2(3), 3907-3918.

http://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Economics-and-Politics-of-Internal-Migration-among-Unskilled-Workers-in-India.pdf

Download PDF

Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on the Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis between India and the USA

Upanita Barman
Volume 2, Issue 3
31 May 2022
Page No.: 3919-3934

Non-renewable sources of energy like coal, petroleum, and gas have helped in the economic growth of a country immensely but they have certain social, economic, and environmental disadvantages, thus encouraging us to use more environment-friendly renewable sources of energy. These renewable energy sources eliminate harmful gasses like carbon monoxide, excess carbon dioxide, etc. Moreover, they can be used for power generation, which can further generate energy. The study aims to conduct a comparative study of the relationship between energy consumption from renewable sources and economic growth in India and the United States of America. The study uses secondary data from the period 1990-to 2018. We have taken the renewable energy consumption and GDP per capita data from the World Bank site for this research. The statistical analysis is based on descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and correlation using Microsoft Excel. The results show that there is a positive correlation between renewable energy consumption and the economic growth of the USA whereas there is a negative relationship between economic growth and renewable energy consumption in India.

Upanita Barman
B.A. Hons. Economics, Presidency University, Kolkata

[1] Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model. Energy economics, 34(3), 733-738.

[2] Ntanos, S., Skordoulis, M., Kyriakopoulos, G., Arabatzis, G., Chalikias, M., Galatsidas, S., … & Katsarou, A. (2018). Renewable energy and economic growth: Evidence from European countries. Sustainability, 10(8), 2626.

[3] Fang, Y. (2011). Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: The China experience. Renewable and sustainable energy Reviews, 15(9), 5120-5128. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2019, page 734.

[4] Yang, Minyoung, and Jinsoo Kim. 2020. “Revisiting the Relation between Renewable Electricity and Economic Growth: A Renewable–Growth Hypothesis” Sustainability 12, no. 8: 3121. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1208312 

[5] Ballesta, J. A. C., da Silva Almeida, L., & Rodríguez, M. (2022). An analysis of the main driving factors of renewable energy consumption in the European Union. Environmental science and pollution research international.

[6] Jestin-Fleury, N. (1994). International energy agency. World energy outlook. Politique étrangère, 59(2), 564-565.

[7] Venkatraja, B. (2020). Does renewable energy affect economic growth? Evidence from panel data estimation of BRIC countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 27(2), 107-113.

[8] The Economic Times, “India’s plan to raise natural gas share in the energy basket to 15% looks increasingly ambitious: WoodMac,” February 8, 2019.

[9] Tiwari AK. 2011. Comparative performance of renewable and non-renewable energy sources on economic growth and CO2 emissions of Europe and Eurasian countries: a PVAR approach. Economics Bulletin. 31:2356–2372.

Barman U. (2022). Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on the Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis between India and the USA. International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law, 2(3), 3919-3934.

http://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Impact-of-Renewable-Energy-Consumption-on-the-Economic-Growth-A-Comparative-Analysis-between-India-and-the-USA.pdf

Download PDF