{"id":3340,"date":"2022-12-01T13:29:32","date_gmt":"2022-12-01T13:29:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/?page_id=3340"},"modified":"2023-07-15T18:49:37","modified_gmt":"2023-07-15T18:49:37","slug":"volume-3-issue-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ijpsl.in\/index.php\/volume-3-issue-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume 3 &#8211;  Issue 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3340\" class=\"elementor elementor-3340\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b4566b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2b4566b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4a500eb\" data-id=\"4a500eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8dcbbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b8dcbbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">VOLUME 3 - ISSUE 1<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ef67240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ef67240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-860f43d\" data-id=\"860f43d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-7647b36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7647b36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fa8ed7\" data-id=\"8fa8ed7\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eae4982 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eae4982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Disclaimer<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e69f690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e69f690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-text-editor elementor-clearfix\"><p>Neither International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) nor its editors, publishers, owners or anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or the materials contained therein, assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information provided in International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL), nor shall they be liable for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or punitive damages arising out of the use of International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL)or its contents. 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elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25abd4f\" data-id=\"25abd4f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05395c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wp-widget-ipw\" data-id=\"05395c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wp-widget-ipw.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<div data-post-id=\"3575\" class=\"insert-page insert-page-3575 \">\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3575\" class=\"elementor elementor-3575\" data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e54e4bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e54e4bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3f84389\" data-id=\"3f84389\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67ff897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67ff897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Gravity Model Analysis of India\u2019s Bilateral Trade Flows\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a5305 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"71a5305\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Manak Kataria and Shivansh Raman<br>\nVolume 3, Issue 1 <br>\n30 November 2022<br>\nPage No.: 3993-4017<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c3468f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"6c3468f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<meta name=\"citation_title\" content=\"Understanding the Opportunities and Threats of COP-26\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_author\" content=\"Riya Chainani \">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_author\" content=\"Bhumika Kukreja\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_publication_date\" content=\"2022\/11\/30\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_journal_title\" content=\"International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_volume\" content=\u201c03\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_issue\" content=\u201c01\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_firstpage\" content=\"3974\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_lastpage\" content=\"3992\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_pdf_url\" content=\u201chttp:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Understanding-the-Opportunities-and-Threats-of-COP-26_Riya-Chainani-Bhumika-Kukreja.pdf\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_issn\" content=\"2582-9203\">\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a5ef12 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8a5ef12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\"><a href=\"\">Abstract<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\"><a href=\"\">Authors<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\"><a href=\"\">References <\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\"><a href=\"\">Cite<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\"><a href=\"\">Full Text PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\"><p class=\"p1\">We aimed to study the determinants of India\u2019s trade with important partners and the potential for expanding trade. The Gravity model, as in physics, analyses trade between countries through the geographical \u201cdistance\u201d between the countries and their economic \u201csize\u201d. We apply an augmented gravity model in order to study balanced panel data consisting of bilateral trade flows with 45 countries from 1999 to 2018. Amongst panel-data models, we decided to use a Hausman-Taylor regression to incorporate time-invariant variables, given the non-viability of the assumptions of a Random Effects model. We find evidence that the partner country\u2019s economic size as well as India\u2019s population and GDP have a positive influence on bilateral trade; while distance has a negative effect. These results show that the gravity model can explain the pattern of India\u2019s trade. We also studied the impact of variables like overlapping membership in a Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) along with cultural similarities, for which we use common languages as a proxy. We find that while RTA membership has no significant impact on trade, sharing a common language has a statistically insignificant positive effect on trade flows; though the magnitude is small. By comparing the average figures for a potential trade with actual values, we can predict whether India has the potential to expand its trade with that country. We supplement this analysis by applying the method of speed of convergence, which provides more accuracy than the point-estimates method<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\"><b>Manak Kataria <\/b><br>\nB.A. Hons. Economics, Hindu College, University of Delhi <br>\n<b>Shivansh Raman<\/b><br>\nB.A. Hons. Economics, Hindu College, University of Delhi<br><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\">References <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\"><p class=\"p2\"><i>[1] Economic review 2017: State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India<\/i>. ECONOMIC REVIEW 2017 | State Planning Board, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/spb.kerala.gov.in\/economic-review\/ER2017\/web_e\/ch341.php?id=31&amp;ch=341\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/spb.kerala.gov.in\/economic-review\/ER2017\/web_e\/ch341.php?id=31&amp;ch=341 <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[2] Trade Statistics &#8211; Conte, M. and P. Cotterlaz and T. Mayer (2022), &#8220;The CEPII Gravity database&#8221;. CEPII Working Paper N\u00b02022-05, July 2022 <br \/><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp\"><span class=\"s1\">http:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>[3] Imports by country product from World<\/i>. Imports By Country Product from World US$000 1988 &#8211; 2020 | WITS Data. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/wits.wo\"><span class=\"s3\">https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\/country\/by-country\/startyear\/LTST\/endyear\/LTST\/tradeFlow\/Import\/indicator\/MPRT-TRD-VL\/partner\/WLD\/product\/Total<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>[4] Exports by country product to World<\/i>. Exports By Country Product to World US$000 1988 &#8211; 2020 | WITS Data. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\"><span class=\"s3\">https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/CountryProfile\/en\/Country\/BY-COUNTRY\/StartYear\/1988\/EndYear\/2020\/TradeFlow\/Export\/Indicator\/XPRT-TRD-VL\/Partner\/WLD\/Product\/Total<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\"><i>[5] Trade (% of GDP) &#8211; India<\/i>. Data. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?locations=IN\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS?locations=IN <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[6] Nandi, S. (2021, November 6). <i>India&#8217;s share of exports declines among developing countries in 2020<\/i>. Business Standard News. Retrieved November 16, 2022, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/india-s-share-of-exports-declines-am\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/india-s-share-of-exports-declines-among-developing-countries-in-2020-121110600912_1.html <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[7] Smith, A. (1981). <i>An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations<\/i>. Liberty Press.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[8] Ricardo, D. (2007). <i>Ricardo&#8217;s high price of bullion: Including an essay on profits<\/i>. Cosimo Classics.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[9] McKenzie, L. W. (1953). Specialisation and efficiency in world production. <i>The Review of Economic Studies<\/i>, <i>21<\/i>(3), 165. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2295770\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2295770 <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[10] Jones, R. W. (1961). Comparative advantage and the theory of tariffs: A multi-country, multi- commodity model. <i>The Review of Economic Studies<\/i>, <i>28<\/i>(3), 161. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2295945\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2295945 <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[11] Heckscher-Ohlin model. (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of Business in Today&#8217;s World<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412964289.n464\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781412964289.n464 <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[12] Isard, W. (1954). Location Theory and Trade Theory: Short-run analysis. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>, <i>68<\/i>(2), 305. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1884452\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1884452 <\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[13] Tinbergen, J. (1963e). Shaping the world economy. <i>The International Executive<\/i>, <i>5<\/i>(1), 27\u201330. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tie.5060050113\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tie.5060050113<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[14] James E. Anderson. (1979). A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. <i>The American Economic Review<\/i>, <i>69<\/i>(1), 106\u2013116.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[15] Bergstrand, J. H. (1985). The Gravity Equation in International Trade: Some Microeconomic Foundations and Empirical Evidence. <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics<\/i>, <i>67<\/i>(3), 474. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1925976\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1925976<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[16] Helpman, E. (1987a). Imperfect competition and international trade: Evidence from fourteen industrial countries. <i>Journal of the Japanese and International Economies<\/i>, <i>1<\/i>(1), 62\u201381. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0889-1583(87)90027-x\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0889-1583(87)90027-x<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[17] Deardorff, A. V. (1984). An exposition and exploration of Krueger&#8217;s trade model. <i>The Canadian Journal of Economics<\/i>, <i>17<\/i>(4), 731. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/135069\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/135069<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[18] Deardorff, Alan V. 1998. \u201cFragmentation in Simple Trade Models.\u201d <i>SSRN Electronic Journal<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/fordschool.umich.edu\/rsie\/workingpapers\/Papers401-425\/r422.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/fordschool.umich.edu\/rsie\/workingpapers\/Papers401-425\/r422.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/fordschool.umich.edu\/rsie\/workingpapers\/Papers401-425\/r422.pdf\">[19] <\/a><\/span>Giovanni Dell\u2019Ariccia. (1999a). Exchange Rate Fluctuations and Trade Flows: Evidence from the European Union. <i>Imf Staff Papers<\/i>, <i>46<\/i>(3), 315\u2013334. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/wp98107.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/wp98107.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\"><i>[20] Applying gravity model to analyze trade activities of Vietnam &#8211; F.R.E.I.T<\/i>. (n.d.). Retrieved November 29, 2022 from<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/freit.org\/WorkingPapers\/Papers\/TradePatterns\/FREIT639.pdf\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/freit.org\/WorkingPapers\/Papers\/TradePatterns\/FREIT639.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[21] Tharakan, P. &amp; Van Beveren, Ilke &amp; Van Ourti, Tom. (2005). Determinants of India&#8217;s Software Exports and Goods Exports. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 87. 776-780.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[22] Sabyasachi Tripathi, &amp; Nuno Carlos Leit\u00e3o. (2013). India\u2019s Trade and Gravity Model: A Static and Dynamic Panel Data. <i>Research Papers in Economics<\/i>.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[23] Batra, Amita. 2006. \u201cIndia\u2019s Global Trade Potential: The Gravity Model Approach.\u201d <i>Global Economic Review<\/i> 35 (3): 327\u201361. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/12265080600888090\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/12265080600888090<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[24] Renjini, V., Kar, A., Jha, G., Kumar, P., Burman, R., &amp; Praveen, K. (2017a). Agricultural trade potential between India and ASEAN: An application of gravity model. <i>Agricultural Economics Research Review<\/i>, <i>30<\/i>(1), 105. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0974-0279.2017.00009.x\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0974-0279.2017.00009.x<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[25] Rojid, S. (2006a). COMESA trade potential: a gravity approach. <i>Applied Economics Letters<\/i>, <i>13<\/i>(14), 947\u2013951. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13504850500426061\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13504850500426061<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[26] Swapan K. Bhattacharya. (2004). Does Bangladesh Benefit from Preferential Trade with India? A Gravity Analysis. <i>Economic and Political Weekly<\/i>, <i>39<\/i>(48), 5152\u20135162. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4415839\"><span class=\"s1\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/4415839<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[27] Bhattacharyya, R. &amp; Banerjee, T (2006). Does the gravity model explain India\u2019s direction of trade? A panel data approach. Research and Publication Department, IIMA. Retrieved from: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iimahd.ernet.i\"><span class=\"s1\">http:\/\/www.iimahd.ernet.in\/publications\/data\/2006-09-01tathagata.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[28] Egger, P. (2002) An Econometric View on the Estimation of Gravity Models and the Calculation of Trade Potentials. World Economy, 25, 297-312.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[29] Frankel, J., &amp; Rose, A. (2002b). An Estimate of the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade and Income. <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics<\/i>, <i>117<\/i>(2), 437\u2013466. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/003355302753650292\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/003355302753650292<\/span><\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\"><p class=\"p1\">Kataria M. &amp; Raman S. (2022). A Gravity Model Analysis of India\u2019s Bilateral Trade Flows.\u00a0International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law,\u00a03(1), 3993-4017.<\/p><p class=\"p2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/A-Gravity-Model-Analysis-of-Indias-Bilateral-Trade-Flows_Manak-Kataria-Shivansh-Raman.pdf\">http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/A-Gravity-Model-Analysis-of-Indias-Bilateral-Trade-Flows_Manak-Kataria-Shivansh-Raman.pdf<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\"><p><a href=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/A-Gravity-Model-Analysis-of-Indias-Bilateral-Trade-Flows_Manak-Kataria-Shivansh-Raman.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" 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data-elementor-settings=\"[]\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-section-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-75bdd98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"75bdd98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;ekit_has_onepagescroll_dot&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e77945\" data-id=\"3e77945\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d036093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d036093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Soft Power: The Component to Rejuvenate and Enthuse New Life to the Strenuous India-Russia Bilateral Relations\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a196089 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a196089\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Aditya Choudhary and Akshit Dahiya<br>\nVolume 3, Issue 1 <br>\n30 November 2022<br>\nPage No.: 4018-4035<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a425efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"a425efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<meta name=\"citation_title\" content=\"Soft Power: The Component to Rejuvenate and Enthuse New Life to the Strenuous India-Russia Bilateral Relations\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_author\" content=\"Aditya Choudhary\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_author\" content=\"Akshit Dahiya\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_publication_date\" content=\"2022\/11\/30\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_journal_title\" content=\"International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_volume\" content=\u201c03\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_issue\" content=\u201c01\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_firstpage\" content=\"4018\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_lastpage\" content=\"4035\">\r\n<meta name=\"citation_pdf_url\" content=\u201chttp:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Soft-Power-The-Component-to-Rejuvenate-and-Enthuse-New-Life-to-the-Strenous-India-Russia-Bilateral-Relations_Aditya-Choudhary-Akshit-Dahiya.pdf\u201d>\r\n<meta name=\"citation_issn\" content=\"2582-9203\">\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9da05d3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9da05d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1651\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1651\"><a href=\"\">Abstract<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1652\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1652\"><a href=\"\">Authors<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1653\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1653\"><a href=\"\">References <\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1654\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1654\"><a href=\"\">Cite<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1655\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1655\"><a href=\"\">Full Text PDF<\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1651\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1651\"><p class=\"p1\">The recent Ukraine crisis has brought a strategic challenge to the robustness of the India-Russia bilateral relationship of the last many decades. Though India has neither aligned its interests totally with the western bloc nor gone the Russian way. Rather, India has played its card deftly enough to secure its national interests from both the United States of America (USA) and the Russian bloc. However, in the longer run, the Ukraine crisis has positioned a challenge to the longevity of robust Indian-Russian bilateral relations. As we can see India\u2019s growing security and economic (trade and investment) relationship with the USA is similar to Russia\u2019s relation with an all-time close but dependent tie with China and Pakistan. This suggests that both Russia and India are also going closer to each other&#8217;s adversaries thus showing the complex interdependence-type nature of the international relations that are taking place among nations and that no bilateral relationship is exclusive. In this article, the analysis has been done on how the once exclusive and strategically dependent bilateral relationship between Russia and India is no longer there as well as the reasons behind it. Then by drawing a comparison between the kind of relationship India has with the USA, the article emphasizes how the India-Russia relationship has been exclusively dependent on the hard power component and the government-to-government (i.e., track 1 diplomacy) channel. Neither India nor Russia have significantly involved the soft power component and there isn\u2019t much-developed track 1.5 and track 2 channels of diplomacy between India and Russia. This results in a lack of people-to-people cooperation, which on the other hand, is the bedrock of the all-season India-USA bilateral relationship. Lastly, the article explores various possibilities of how soft power tools like cuisine, language, cinema, tourism sector, etc., can be employed to build people-to-people cooperation between India and Russia. Though the deployment of soft power components requires serious efforts but is required to give a new fillip to add more colours to the current black-and-white (energy and arms trade) relationship between India and Russia.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1652\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1652\"><b>Aditya Choudhary <\/b><br>\nM.Phil. Research Scholar, Department of African Studies, School of Social Sciences, University of Delhi <br>\n<b>Akshit Dahiya<\/b><br>\nLLB, Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi<br><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\">References <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1653\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1653\"><p class=\"p2\">[1] A Global Ranking of Soft Power 2018 &#8211; Portland.<i> Portland Communications<\/i>, October 20, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/portland-communications.com\/publications\/a-global-ranking-of-soft-power-\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/portland-communications.com\/publications\/a-global-ranking-of-soft-power-%202018\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[2] Bilateral Relation: India-Russia Relations, Embassy of India, Moscow, Russia. January, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in\/bilateral-relations-india-russia.php\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in\/bilateral-relations-india-russia.php<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[3] Biswas, Asit K., and Cecilia Tortajada. \u201cChina&#8217;s Soft Power Is on the Rise.\u201d <i>China Daily<\/i>, February 23, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201802\/23\/WS5a8f59a9a3106e7dcc13d7b8.html\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201802\/23\/WS5a8f59a9a3106e7dcc13d7b8.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><i> <\/i><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[4] Chia, C., &amp; Zheng Haiqi. \u201cRussia-Pakistan Economic Relations: Energy Partnership and the<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>China Factor.\u201d <i>ISAS.NUS.EDU.SG<\/i>, October 6, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.isas.nus.edu.sg\/papers\/russia-pakistan-economic-relations-energy-partnership-and-the-china-factor\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.isas.nus.edu.sg\/papers\/russia-pakistan-economic-relations-energy-partnership-and-the-china-factor\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[5] China and Russia: Economic Unequals. <i>Center for Strategic and International Studies<\/i>, 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/china-and-russia-economic-u\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/china-and-russia-economic-unequals<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[6] China-Russia trade hits record high in 2021 amid stronger energy cooperation: Russian envoy.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Global Times<\/i>, 2021<i>.<\/i> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202201\/1246911.sht\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.globaltimes.cn\/page\/202201\/1246911.shtml<\/i><\/span><\/a><i> <\/i><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[7] Fact box: China-Russia trade has surged as countries grow closer. <i>Reuters<\/i>, March 1, 2022 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/china-russia-trade-has-surged-countries-grow-closer-2022-03-01\/\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/markets\/europe\/china-russia-trade-has-surged-countries-grow-closer-2022-03-01\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[8] Global soft power index 2021: India slips to rank 36 despite scoring high in easy to do business with metric. <i>Money control<\/i>, February 26, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.moneycontrol.com\/news\/trends\/global-soft-power-index-2021-india-slips-to-rank-36-despite-scoring-high-in-easy-to-do-bus\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.moneycontrol.com\/news\/trends\/global-soft-power-index-2021-india-slips-to-rank-36-despite-scoring-high-in-easy-to-do-business-with-metric-6575851.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[9] I, Krzysztof. \u201cRussia\u2019s looming arms sale to Pakistan sets up a dangerous game\u201d. <i>The Diplomat<\/i>, May 16, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2019\/05\/russias-looming-arms-sale-to-pakistan-sets-up-a-dangerous-game\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2019\/05\/russias-looming-arms-sale-to-pakistan-sets-up-a-dangerous-game\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[10] India-China trade grows to record $125 billion in 2021 despite tensions. <i>Business Standard, <\/i>January 14, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/india-china-trade-grows-to-record-125-billion-in-2021-despite-tension\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.business-standard.com\/article\/economy-policy\/india-china-trade-grows-to-record-125-billion-in-2021-despite-tensions-122011401044_1.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[11] India Russia Cultural Relations, Embassy of India, Moscow, Russia. n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in\/india-russia-cultural-relations.php\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in\/india-russia-cultural-relations.php<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[12] Indian Community in Russia, Embassy of India, Moscow, Russia. n.d. <a href=\"https:\/\/india\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/indianembassy-moscow.gov.in\/indian-community-in-russia.php<\/i><\/span><\/a><i> <\/i><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[13] India Tourism Statistics. Ministry of Tourism, <i>Government of India<\/i>, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/tourism.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/India\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/tourism.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-04\/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202019.pdf<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[14] Jaishankar, D. India rising: Soft power and the world\u2019s largest<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>democracy. <i>Brookings<\/i>, September 17, 2018. <i> <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/india-rising-soft-power-and-the-worlds-largest-democracy\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/opinions\/india-rising-soft-power-and-the-worlds-largest-democracy\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[15] Malle, S. (2017). Russia and China in the 21st century. Moving towards cooperative behavior.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Journal of Eurasian Studies,<\/i> 8(2), 136\u2013150. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euras.2017.02.003\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euras.2017.02.003<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[16] Menon, R., &amp; Rumer, E.,. Russia and India: A New Chapter. The Return of<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Global Russia. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace<\/i>, September 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2022\/09\/20\/russia-and-india-new-chapter-pub-87958\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2022\/09\/20\/russia-and-india-new-chapter-pub-87958<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[17] Mishra, Vivek. \u201cThe Ukraine Crisis and India: Balancing Triumph and Tribulation.\u201d ORF,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>February 28, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/expert-speak\/the-ukraine-crisis-andindia\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.orfonline.org\/expert-speak\/the-ukraine-crisis-andindia\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[18] Nye, Joseph S. <i>Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power<\/i>. (<i>New York: Basic<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Books<\/i>, 1990)<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[19] Putin and Xi Frame a New China-Russia Partnership. <i>The Diplomat, <\/i>February 15, 2022.<i> <\/i><a href=\"https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2022\/02\/putin-and-xi-frame-a-new-china-russia-partnership\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2022\/02\/putin-and-xi-frame-a-new-china-russia-partnership\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[20] Roche, Elizabeth. \u201cIndian Army contingent to participate in Exercise ZAPAD 2021.\u201d Mint, September, 2021 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/indian-army-contingent-to-participate-in-exercise-zapad-2021-11630506183882.html\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/news\/india\/indian-army-contingent-to-participate-in-exercise-zapad-2021-11630506183882.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[21] S, A. Russia &#8211; a forgotten trade partner? <i>The Hindu<\/i>, 2017, April 9, 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/russia-a-forgotten-trade-partner\/article17898013.ece\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/business\/Economy\/russia-a-forgotten-trade-partner\/article17898013.ece<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[22] Sikri, Rajiv. Why Russia and India matter to each other. (January 23, 2007. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rediff.com\/news\/2007\/jan\/23guest.htm\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.rediff.com\/news\/2007\/jan\/23guest.htm<\/i><\/span><\/a>.<\/p><p class=\"p2\">[23] Stronski, P., &amp; Ng, N. Cooperation and Competition: Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic. <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,<\/i> February 28, 2018 <a href=\"https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2018\/02\/28\/cooperation-andcompetition-russia\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/carnegieendowment.org\/2018\/02\/28\/cooperation-andcompetition-russia%20and-china-in-central-asia-russian-far-east-and-arctic-pub-75673<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[24] S. Zuo,. Mandarin test added to exam in Russia. <i>China Daily<\/i>, June 8, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201906\/08\/WS5cf\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/a\/201906\/08\/WS5cfaed48a31017657723009a.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[25] Wang, C. N.. China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2020 \u2013 <i>Green Finance &amp; Development Center<\/i>, January 21, 2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/greenfdc.org\/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2020\/\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/greenfdc.org\/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2020\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[26] Wikipedia contributors. List of the largest trading partners of India.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>Wikipedia<\/i>, February 4, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[27] Wikipedia contributors. Religion in Russia. <i>Wikipedia<\/i>, November 15, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_Russia\"><span class=\"s1\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Religion_in_Russia<\/span><\/a><\/p><p class=\"p2\">[28] Y. Kamran. \u201cIn a first, Russia and Pakistan to hold joint war games\u201d. <i>DFI,<\/i> September 12, 2016.<\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[29] <a href=\"https:\/\/defenceforu\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/defenceforumindia.com\/threads\/in-a-first-pakistan-russia-to-hold-joint-war-games.77369\/<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p><p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s3\">[30] $113 billion in 2021: India-US goods trade number marks a new record. <i>Hindustan Times<\/i>, February 10, 2022. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/business\/113-billion-in-2021-india-us-goods-trade-marks-new-record-101644471749924.html\"><span class=\"s2\"><i>https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/business\/113-billion-in-2021-india-us-goods-trade-marks-new-record-101644471749924.html<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/span><i> <\/i><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1654\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1654\"><p class=\"p1\">Choudhary A. &amp; Dahiya A. (2022). Soft Power: The Component to Rejuvenate and Enthuse New Life to the Strenuous India-Russia Bilateral Relations.\u00a0International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law,\u00a03(1), 4018-4035.<\/p><p class=\"p2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Soft-Power-The-Component-to-Rejuvenate-and-Enthuse-New-Life-to-the-Strenous-India-Russia-Bilateral-Relations_Aditya-Choudhary-Akshit-Dahiya.pdf\">http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Soft-Power-The-Component-to-Rejuvenate-and-Enthuse-New-Life-to-the-Strenous-India-Russia-Bilateral-Relations_Aditya-Choudhary-Akshit-Dahiya.pdf<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1655\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1655\"><p><a href=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Soft-Power-The-Component-to-Rejuvenate-and-Enthuse-New-Life-to-the-Strenous-India-Russia-Bilateral-Relations_Aditya-Choudhary-Akshit-Dahiya.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-373\" src=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/clipart360030-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"82\" height=\"82\" \/><\/a><\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/ijpsl.in\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Soft-Power-The-Component-to-Rejuvenate-and-Enthuse-New-Life-to-the-Strenous-India-Russia-Bilateral-Relations_Aditya-Choudhary-Akshit-Dahiya.pdf\">Download PDF<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>VOLUME 3 &#8211; ISSUE 1 Disclaimer Neither International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) nor its editors, publishers, owners or anyone else involved in creating, producing or delivering International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) or the materials contained therein, assumes any liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ijpsl.in\/index.php\/volume-3-issue-1\/\" class=\"\" rel=\"bookmark\">Read More &raquo;<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Volume 3 &#8211;  Issue 1<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/template-pagebuilder-full-width.php","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"neve_meta_sidebar":"full-width","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"on","neve_meta_content_width":100,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Volume 3 - Issue 1 - IJPSL<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"International Journal of Policy Sciences and Law (IJPSL) is an international, open-accessed, online quarterly peer-reviewed journal under the aegis of Project uP is an inclusive platform for all scholars and academicians across the globe. 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